![]() ![]() Only in two cases out of all 18 specimens can we talk about grave finds (Deva and Gâmbaș, Gáll 2013: 95, 322 personal communication with E. Six other specimens that Gáll does not mention in his work must certainly be added to them: Alba Iulia (sword blade), Cluj-Napoca, Dăbâca, Kovin, Săcalăz and Tomnatec ( Pinter 2007: 67-72 Heitel 1994-1995: 438 Gáll 2011: 43 Pinter 2007: 72-74 Kovács 1994-1995: 174 Heitel 1994-1995: 430, note 138). Cosma, it is a saber blade, Cosma 2002: 149), Biharea, Brăișoru, Cheglevici, Dej, Deva – Micro 15, Gâmbaș, Ernei, Jimbolia, Sfântu Gheorghe (this is probably a sword that belongs to the Byzantine origin, so I am removing it from the list for this reason) and Vetiș ( Gáll 2013: 741). According to Erwin Gáll, 13 specimens are known that can be classified into the category under consideration: Aiud, Alba Iulia (scabbard chape), Arad – Pădurea Ceala (according to C. Geibig.Īn attempt at chronological and typological classificationĪs mentioned above, the finds from Transylvania are among the most numerous in the entire territory of Romania, including their more detailed description in the literature. From the historical region of Wallachia, no specimen of a sword from the observed period is known yet, falling in the classification of J. The last, third group of swords is completed by the so far only known find from the historical region of Moldova, which was only marginally mentioned by Victor Spinei ( 2009), Erwin Gáll ( 2015) and Ion Tentiuc ( 2018-2019). In Romanian literature, Dobruja swords were published relatively recently and were included in the catalog of Mixobarbarii din Dobrogea în contextul lumii bizantine (secolele VI-XIII), with short descriptions and the erroneous designation of sabie (the term spada is used in Romanian for a sword), by a collective of authors Talmațchi – Stănică – Șova – Custurea ( 2020). The remaining three swords, including the aforementioned pommel cap, are further presented by Bulgarian authors Valeri Yotov ( 2003 2007 2011 2016 2018) and Konstantin Kolev ( 2015). The first was the discovery of the sword pommel cap from Păcuiul lui Soare, which was described, typologically and analogically evaluated by Radu Popa in his article ( 1984). The second group consists of four specimens from Dobruja. Erwin Gáll prepared the currently up-to-date and relatively detailed chapter on swords, with descriptions of individual finds from Transylvania and Banat, in his thesis Az Erdélyi-medence, a Partium és a Bánság 10‒11. Pinter’s book Spada şi sabia medievală în Transilvania şi Banat, secolele IX – XIV ( 1999) is also a good example of a more comprehensive text. Heitel’s article on archaeological evidence of the penetration of the Old Hungarians into Transylvania, in which numerous pieces of military equipment originating from the Inner Carpathian region and stored in individual museums from Romania are represented, some of which also include early medieval double-edged swords ( 1994-1995). The first comprehensive texts on this topic can be found in Radu R. The largest group of swords and sword fragments consists of finds from the historical region of Transylvania (including Banat, Crișana and Maramureș), published in several works ( Nagy 1906 Hampel 1907 Bakay 1965, 1967 Vlassa 1965, 1967 Horedt 1967, 1968, 1978 Radosav 1986-1987 Kovács 1994-1995 Pinter 1992-1994, 1996, 1998 Cosma 20). Despite this, there were several works and studies dealing mainly with stray finds and, to a lesser extent, with finds from archaeological excavations or museum collections. The primary goal of my article is to provide basic information and compile a list of all swords and sword fragments from the territory of Romania that are still known and available in the literature, dated between the 9th and 11th centuries, falling at the same time into the sword classification according to Jan Petersen or Alfred Geibig.Ĭurrently, there is no more comprehensive monograph that would contain a complete and detailed description of individual specimens. My ambition is not to write a professional academic work that maps all the finds of swords including their detailed description with dimensions, as I do not have the possibilities for such a step. For this reason, I decided to write a short article to make this topic more widely known. Early medieval swords from the territory of Romania belong to a relatively often overlooked topic and significant attention is not paid to it even in the academic literature.
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